A comparative analysis of MODIS-derived drought indices for Northern and Central Namibia

Namibia is a semi-arid country with erratic and unpredictable rainfall. Extreme weather patterns, such as floods extensive droughts, have become more common in recent years, strong impact on surface ground water availability, rangeland agricultural productivity, food security, further land degradation, bush encroachment or soil erosion. The previous 10 years were characterized by perennial drought that lasted from 2013 to 2016 an extreme occurred during the rainy season of 2018/2019, which was driest 90 years. In January 2021, however, rainfall totals doubled tripled norm. paper compares five indices order identify, visualize, monitor, better understand nature, characteristics, spatial-temporal patterns northern central Namibia. Based their sensitivity vegetation greenness, temperature, evapotranspiration, precipitation, allow for calculation, time series analysis, cross-comparison. Droughts occur every year, but intensity varies depending index type.  It concluded comparative analysis multiple provides interpretation than single parameter systems. Future research should include biophysical properties moisture, hydrology, well socioeconomic studies, develop integrated   Key words: Remote sensing, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), indices, climate reanalysis,